The Associated Press and the Trump administration returned to a courtroom Thursday -- and will be in another on Friday -- as part of the high-stakes battle over who can control which journalists are able to question the president.

Lawyers argued before a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals about putting in place a lower court order last week that the administration stop excluding AP from covering events in places like the Oval Office and Air Force One. It's not clear when those judges will make their determination.

On Friday, the two sides will go before the author of last week's decision, U.S. District Court Judge Trevor N. McFadden. The AP has asked him to enforce his ruling.

AP reporters and photographers have been blocked since President Trump objected to the outlet's decision not to rename the Gulf of Mexico. McFadden said last week the AP shouldn't be excluded just because Trump disagrees with them. Since then, AP says the White House is ignoring the order and continuing to keep its journalists out; Trump's team says it has put a new rotation system in place for these events, and it hasn't been AP's turn yet.

Through Eric McArthur, deputy assistant attorney general, the administration argued that access to the Oval Office is up to the president, just like he can invite Laura Ingraham of Fox News Channel in for a personal interview and not MSNBC's Rachel Maddow.

Charles Tobin, the AP's lawyer, said the president can't be ordered by a court to speak or answer a specific news outlet's questions. But when he invites reporters to cover him in a public setting covered by a predetermined "pool" of journalists, he can't discriminate on the basis of viewpoint.

"The White House has conceded this is all about trying to control a message, trying to control the viewpoint of The Associated Press," he said.

Illustrating a fine line the judges will be asked to walk, Tobin conceded that a president is welcome to invite 20 reporters whose viewpoints he agrees with in for a talk. "Isn't that awfully close to what is happening here?" asked Judge Gregory Katsai, a Trump appointee.

The difference is in excluding rather than inviting people, Tobin said -- a point leaped upon by his opponent.

"President Trump is under no obligation to run the press pool the way his predecessors did or even the way he did during his first term," McArther said. "If he can choose 20 people because of viewpoint, he can certainly exclude them because of viewpoint."

Judges also expressed some worry that courts may be called upon to micromanage what journalists get to cover the president and who can't.

Tobin returned to the idea put forth in McFadden's decision that it's a violation of the First Amendment for Trump to exclude the AP because he disagreed with some of its reporting.

"The president of the United States does not have discretion to violate the U.S. Constitution," he said.

___

David Bauder writes about media for the AP. Follow him at http://x.com/dbauder and https://bsky.app/profile/dbauder.bsky.social